API Error Handler

使用场景

• Implementing global error handlers in Express/NestJS/FastAPI
• Designing error response schemas (RFC 7807)
• Creating error code catalogs for APIs
• Building retry-aware error responses with Retry-After headers
• Implementing error boundary patterns in frontend apps

Design an error handling system for my API.

Framework: [e.g., NestJS / Express / FastAPI]
Requirements:
- RFC 7807 Problem Details format
- Proper HTTP status codes for each error type
- Error codes for client consumption (e.g., AUTH_001)
- Structured logging (don't leak internals to clients)
- Rate limit errors with Retry-After header
- Validation errors with field-level details

Please provide:
1. Error response schema/interface
2. Global error handler middleware
3. Custom error classes (NotFound, Validation, Auth, RateLimit)
4. Error code catalog
5. Example usage in a controller

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